Fig. 2: Filtration property of VaCNT membranes.

A Pure water permeability \(L_{{{\rm{p}}}}\) of VaCNT benchmarked against UF and NF270 membranes. B Linear relationship between flux, flow velocity in the pores, and hydrodynamic drag force \({F}_{{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}}\) acting on an E2 molecule specific for the 1.7 nm pore diameter VaCNT membranes. Error bars represent propagated error from operational parameter variations.