Fig. 6: Relationship between hormone adsorbed mass and hydrodynamic drag force FH.

A Specific E2 adsorbed mass \({q}_{{{{{{\rm{ads}}}}}},{{{{{\rm{A}}}}}}}\) of VaCNT−MF and MF vs. flux. B \({q}_{{{{{{\rm{ads}}}}}},{{{{{\rm{A}}}}}}}\) of VaCNT membrane vs. hydrodynamic drag force \({F}_{{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}}\) and flow velocity. Carbon nanotube pore diameter 1.7 nm, permeate volume 65 mL, 100 ng L−1 E2, 1 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM NaCl, pH 8.1 ± 0.2, 23.0 ± 0.2 °C. Error bars represent propagated error from operational parameter variations and analytical error.