Table 4 Groundwater compositions of seawater, rivers, mid-ocean ridges (MORs), groundwater archetypes

CONCENTRATIONS (mmol/L)	Ca²⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	Cl⁻	Source(s)
Seawater	10.3	10.3	53.4	47.0	547	⁶
Groundwater archetypes
Cold seeps	34.2	66.0	28.2	2640	2890	^24,26,52
Clastic-derived	30.0	5.23	18.7	366	448	^53,54
Deep CaCl₂ brines	1130	212	275	2100	5130	²⁸^a
Carbonate-derived	34.3	23.3	101	1160	1310	⁵⁶
Modified concentrations
Modified cold seeps	−3.82	2.21	−48.0	31.2	0	-
Modified clastic-derived	26.0	−3.76	−29.7	−21.6	0	-
Modified deep CaCl₂ brines	110	12.3	−23.9	−246	0	-
Modified carbonate-derived	4.03	−0.574	−11.0	14.9	0	-
Modified MORs	28.9	28.1	−52.7	−39.5	0	⁶
Modified rivers	0.329	0.033	0.122	0.085	0	⁶

^aTable 8.
Modified concentrations have been normalized relative to modern seawater to indicate net contributions to seawater chemistry (see Section 4.4 and Supplementary Table 1 for methods).

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