Fig. 7: Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the fiber hydrogels.

Viability of (a–d) planktonic bacteria and (e–h) biofilms of (a, e) MRSA, (b, f) CR-AB, (c, g) PAO1, and (d, h) CR-PA after contact incubation with the surface of Alg-PPN(Cn)-0.1 (blue), Alg-PPN(Cn)−1 (green), Alg-PPN(Cn)-5 (purple), and Alg-PPN(Cn)−10 (red) fibers at 37 °C (n = 3 biologically independent samples, two-tailed Student’s t test, p values denote significant difference compared to untreated controls, data are presented as mean values ± SD). The contact periods were 1 h for planktonic bacteria and 24 h for biofilms.