Fig. 2: Interannual viable habitat contraction or expansion in space and shoaling or deepening within the eleven Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs).

a Spatial pattern of the time-mean (1954-2017) normalized Metabolic Index (\(\phi\)) vertically averaged within the upper-200 m layer for the low \({E}_{{{{{{\rm{o}}}}}}}\) (temperature sensitivity of hypoxia vulnerability) species (\({E}_{{{{{{\rm{o}}}}}}}\) = −0.2 eV, \({A}_{{{\rm{c}}}}\) = 10 atm^-1). The critical threshold value of \(\phi\) (\({\phi }_{{{{{{\rm{crit}}}}}}}\) = 1) is plotted as red contours, setting the boundaries for habitable (\(\phi\) > 1) and uninhabitable (\(\phi\) < 1) regions in space. b Interannual shifts of viable habitats in space, with \(\phi\) varying between \(\phi\) ± 3\({\sigma }_{\phi }\), where \({\sigma }_{\phi }\) is the interannual standard deviation of \(\phi\) over the period of 1954-2017. The red and blue contours represent the minimum and maximum viable habitat extents respectively, with the blue dotted shadows representing spatial difference in viable habitats on the interannual timescale. The minimum habitable regions are masked with red shadows. c–f Same as a–b but for the medium (0.4 eV; c, d) and high (1.0 eV; e, f) \({E}_{{{{{{\rm{o}}}}}}}\) species (both \({A}_{{{{{{\rm{c}}}}}}}\) = 10 atm^-1). g Vertical profiles of the time-mean \(\phi\) horizontally averaged within the LMEs (separated into four groups) for species with the \({E}_{{{{{{\rm{o}}}}}}}\) traits ranging from low (−0.2 eV) to high (1.0 eV) values at a 0.1 eV interval (shadows). Each LME is represented by a different color as shown in the legend of each panel. The low, medium, and high \({E}_{{{{{{\rm{o}}}}}}}\) species are plotted as thin solid, thick solid, and thin dashed lines for each LME, respectively. The x-axis represents the \(\phi\) values and the vertical black line indicate the critical threshold value of \(\phi\) (\({\phi }_{{{{{{\rm{crit}}}}}}}\) = 1). h Interannual contractions or expansions of viable habitats in the vertical direction within each LME for species with the \({E}_{{{{{{\rm{o}}}}}}}\) traits ranging from low (−0.2 eV) to high values (1.0 eV) at a 0.1 eV interval (x-axis of each subpanel). Habitable depths are masked with shadows, and the hatched shadows represent depth ranges having habitat contractions or expansions on the interannual timescale. Each LME is represented by the same color as shown in the corresponding panels of g. Data to reproduce the figures are shared on Figshare⁵³.