Fig. 5: Interannual-to-decadal predictability of habitat viability assessed as the Anomaly Correlation Coefficient (ACC) is dominantly contributed by the oxygen components in most ecosystems.

a Predictability of the linearly decomposed oxygen component (\({\phi }_{{{{{{{\rm{O}}}}}}}_{2}}\)) of the normalized Metabolic Index (\(\phi\)) using the DPLE forecasts for the medium-\({E}_{{{{{{\rm{o}}}}}}}\) (temperature sensitivity of hypoxic vulnerability; 0.4 eV) species in the northwest and northeast coast Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs). In each panel, depths that have statistically significant ACCs (nonzero at the 95% confidence level) are marked with thick black vertical lines. b, c Same as panel a but for the linearly decomposed temperature (\({\phi }_{{{{{{\rm{T}}}}}}}\)) and salinity (\({\phi }_{{{{{{\rm{S}}}}}}}\)) components of \(\phi\). d–f Same as panels a–c but for the southwest and southeast coast LMEs and the Insular Pacific Hawaiian (IPH). Data to reproduce the figures are shared on Figshare53.