Fig. 5: Design flow for direct 4D printing of ceramics.
From: Direct 4D printing of ceramics driven by hydrogel dehydration
a Five main steps for 4D printing ceramics. b–f Detailed design and manufacturing process of 4D printing ceramics taking the fabrication of a thin-walled regular tetrahedron as an example: extract feature parameters of 3D tetrahedron (b), design flat pattern and define parameters (c), determine specific parameter values according to the theoretical model (d), finite element (FE) simulation to predict deformed shape (e), print the flat pattern and obtain the target 3D object through hydrogel dehydration-induced deformation and sintering process (f). Scale bars, 10 mm. Source data for Fig. 5d are provided as a Source Data file.
