Fig. 1: Development of high-solid amine-based fractionation for the covalorization of carbohydrate and lignin. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Development of high-solid amine-based fractionation for the covalorization of carbohydrate and lignin.

From: Aqueous amine enables sustainable monosaccharide, monophenol, and pyridine base coproduction in lignocellulosic biorefineries

Fig. 1

a Two biorefinery designs with DEA-based lignocellulose fractionation. A: Utilization of solid residues and lignin-rich stream after water washing step. B: Direct enzymatic hydrolysis of DEA-treated CS without any washing and detoxification. Saccharification condition: 15 FPU CTec2/g glucan, 50 °C, pH 4.8, 150 rpm, and 72 h. b SEM images of untreated and 40% v/v DEA-treated CS. c Lignin removal in different pretreatments. d Radial distribution function (RDF) of DEA and water molecules around hydrophobic (benzene ring) and hydrophilic (hydroxyl) functional groups of lignin in the DEA-water mixture solvent. Insert images: photos of 40 mg of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) in 15 ml of DEA-water (40:60 v/v) and pure DEA. e Glucose and xylose yield of untreated CS and CS treated with different pretreatment reagents. The enzyme dosage was 8 FPU CTec2/g glucan. f QCM frequency changes during the enzyme adsorption on lignin films, and comparison of water contact angle on DEA-RL and CEL surfaces. CS corn stover, DEA diethylamine, DES deep eutectic solvent, DEA-RL residual lignin isolated from 40% v/v DEA-treated CS solids, CEL cellulolytic enzyme lignin isolated from untreated CS. Error bars represent the standard deviation.

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