Fig. 5: Real-time charged-particle spectra obtained by electrons-only signals in 4HPA detectors.

a Spectra at a series of bias voltages and b channel centers vs. bias voltage curve for Hecht fitting along a axis (μτ is mobility-lifetime product), c spectra and d channel centers vs. bias voltage curve along c axis, e–k charged-particles spectra with detection time from 0.04 s to 60 s, l linear relationship between measured counts and incident charged-particles dose, m drift velocity comparison between 4HPA in this work and the state-of-the-art perovskite charged-particle’s detectors31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, n biocompatibility comparison between 4HPA in this work and other materials42,43,44,45,46.