Fig. 2: Comparison of catalytic performance and structural characterizations of Pd/WO3.

Comparison for the catalytic activity of the MBY hydrogenation with and without hydrogen pretreatment over reducible supports (a) and irreducible supports (b). Reaction condition: 10 ml of ethanol, 40 °C, 1 bar H2, and 1000 rpm. 1 mmol substrate, 0.028 mol% Pd. c HRTEM of the fresh Pd/WO3 and activated Pd/WO3. Scale bar: 2 nm. d Evolution of in situ FT-IR spectra of H2 adsorbed on Pd/WO3 in a flow of H2. High-resolution XPS spectra of O 1 s specimens (e) and 400 MHz 1H MAS solid-state NMR spectra (f) for fresh Pd/WO3 and activated Pd/WO3.