Table 1 Summary of proposed reaction schemes with (*)CO coupling as the possible RDS for C2+ products formation (detailed derivations are shown in Supplementary Note 1)

From: Unraveling the rate-determining step of C2+ products during electrochemical CO reduction

Stepa

Proposed reaction scheme for C2+ products formation

CO pressure

\({n}_{CO}\)

\({n}_{{H}^{+}}\)

\({n}_{{H}_{2}O}\)

A1

CO + * \(\to\) *CO

A2

*CO + *CO + eδ- \(\mathop{\to }\limits^{{{{{\mbox{RDS}}}}}}\) *C2O2δ- + *

High

0

0

0

Low

2

0

0

B1

CO + * \(\to\) *CO

B2

*CO + CO + eδ- \(\mathop{\to }\limits^{{{{{\mbox{RDS}}}}}}\) *C2O2δ-

High

1

0

0

Low

2

0

0

  1. aAi and Bi represents the reaction step of i in mechanism A and B, respectively.