Fig. 7: Characterization of protein dynamic adsorption on nanovesicles.

a Schematic diagram of nanovesicles dynamically adsorbing proteins. Nanovesicles were incubated with plasma, PBS, and tumor TIF in turn. b Quantification of proteins adsorbed to the nanovesicles (PEG-Lips, P-LVs, CP₄-LVs, CP₂-LVs, CP₁-LVs, Lips) with incubation of plasma, PBS, and tumor TIF in turn. The data are displayed as the mean ± SD (n = 3 independent samples). c Qualitative molecular composition of the adsorbed protein layer on nanovesicles by SDS-PAGE in (b). d Classification of protein corona components identified by quantitative LC-MS/MS. e Heatmap of the most abundant proteins (top 10) in the protein corona of the nanovesicles with tumor TIF incubation determined by proteomic mass spectrometry. f OPN and CD44 bound to nanovesicles were determined by Western blotting assay. The data are displayed as the mean ± SD (n = 3 independent samples). g Schematic diagram of CP₁-LVs adsorbing IgG, CD44, and OPN affected by protein pI. h IEF band images and intensity profile of IgG, CD44, OPN, and nanovesicles analyzed by ImageJ software. Red, green, and blue fluorescence signals represent IgG, CD44, and OPN, respectively. Gray fluorescence signal represents nanovesicles. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.