Fig. 1: Comparison of simulated surface water (unit: fraction of a grid cell) with satellite observation from Global Land Analysis & Discovery (GLAD) averaged over 1999–2020.
From: Climate change will reduce North American inland wetland areas and disrupt their seasonal regimes

a Upscaled GLAD surface water with permanent water bodies removed; b Simulated surface water. The inset text in (b) shows the evaluation metrics comparing the simulation with the upscaled GLAD surface water fraction, where ρ and NSE are the Pearson correlation and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients, respectively. c Shows the normalized wetland area (subtracting the mean and divided by the standard deviation) comparison in Y-Axis at continental scale between the simulation and GLAD. X-Axis represents the year. d, e Iillustrate contribution of pluvial inundation process to the mean and temporal variability of surface water during 1971–2000, respectively. In (d), the contribution is obtained by dividing the pluvial inundated area by the mean wetland area. In subplot (d), the coefficient of determination (R2) between the annual time series of pluvial inundation and wetland area is used to determine the contribution of pluvial inundation process to the annual wetland area variability. The gray color in (a), (b), (d), and (e) denotes no available data or areas with negligible wetland in the historical period (i.e., less than 0.05%).