Fig. 1: AG-mediated jasmonic acid homeostasis controls the timing of petal abscission.

a Definition of petal-abscission stages. The youngest flower with visible organs is defined as position 0. b Side view of wild-type (WT, Col-0), ag, dad1, aos and coi1 inflorescences. Opened flowers with petals are indicated by gray asterisks. Scale bar = 1 cm. c Quantification of abscission timing, shown as individual data points (left) and violin plots (right) for each genotype. Black dots and vertical lines indicate mean and standard deviation (SD), respectively. n = 10. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences based on one-way ANOVA test (p = 1.3 ×10⁻¹⁰) and post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05: See the Data Source file for all combinations of the exact p-values). d Diagram of the petal base from a position +3 flower. e DAB staining of WT, ag, dad1, aos and coi1 petals for position +3 flowers. Scale bar = 100 µm. f Quantification of DAB-stained area (µm²), shown as individual data points (left) and violin plots (right) for each genotype. Black dots and vertical lines indicate mean and SD, respectively (WT: n = 16; ag: n = 10; dad1: n = 12; aos: n = 13; coi1: n = 8). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences based on one-way ANOVA test (p = 7.8 ×10−⁵) and post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05: See the Data Source file for all combinations of the exact p-values). g Trypan blue staining of wild-type, ag, dad1, aos and coi1 petals at position +3 flowers. Scale bar = 100 µm. h Definition of cellular position during petal abscission. i Longitudinal sections of petal base in the wild type, ag and dad1 at position +3. Scale bar = 40 µm. j SEM images of petal base in the wild type, ag and dad1 at position 3. Top, Higher magnification of green square in i. Bottom, Higher magnification of position d cells. Scale bar = 5 µm. SEM images of position d cells (k) and neighboring cells (l) at position +3 petals in the wild type, ag and dad1. Scale bars = 1 µm.