Fig. 4: Expanded applications of graphene superlattice.
a Tunable EM transmission of a graphene superlattice-based smart window via applied voltage. Error bars indicate standard deviations from three independent measurements on the same physical samples. b Photoluminescence intensity comparison between pristine graphene and graphene superlattice. εF and Eg represent the Fermi level and bandgap, respectively. hν represents the energy of a photon. Upward arrows indicate the direction of electron transition, while the dashed downward arrow represents the direction of an electron transitioning from a higher energy orbital to a lower energy orbital. c, d Temperature-dependent in-plane thermal conductivity (κT) and in-plane Seebeck coefficient (α) of pristine graphene and graphene superlattice. Error bars indicate standard deviations from three independent measurements on the same physical samples. e Comparison of in-plane figure of merit (ZT) values of graphene superlattice with state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials. The data points compared in (e) are sourced from Supplementary References 92–126. The graphene superlattice was Te-doped. The graphene superlattice achieved a maximum ZT of 0.33, even at a low temperature of 500 K, surpassing pristine graphene by four orders of magnitude and demonstrating comparability to leading inorganic thermoelectric materials.
