Fig. 3: Evolutionary reconstruction of clade C Escherichia coli sequence type (ST)131.

A time-calibrated maximum clade credibility tree inferred from 4150 non-recombinant orthologous biallelic core-genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Moderate recombination SNP density filtering in SPANDx (excluded regions with ≥3 SNPs in a 100 bp window). SNPs were derived from read mapping to the reference chromosome EC958 (GenBank: HG941718). X-axis represents the emergence time estimates. Isolates from Wales are shown with reddish purple or orange branches.