Fig. 2: Alkaline HER performances of Pt–Ru/RuO2.

a Polarization curves with 95% iR corrections and (b) corresponding overpotentials of Pt–Ru/RuO2, Ru/RuO2, RuO2, Pt/C and Ru/C at the current densities of 10 mA cm-2 and 250 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH. c Tafel plots derived from the polarization curves in (a). d Comparison of overpotentials and Tafel plots in recently reported Pt, Ru-based HER electrocatalysts. e Comparison of the price activities on Pt–Ru/RuO2, Pt/C and Ru/C at the overpotential of 63 mV. The prices of Pt and Ru are sourced from U.S. Geological Survey (Date: Average price of platinum-group metals in January-March 2022). f EIS Nyquist plots and fitting curves of these samples recorded at −50 mV. g Chronopotentiometric measurements of Pt–Ru/RuO2 and Pt/C at current densities of 10 mA cm−2 and 250 mA cm−2, respectively, carbon paper was used as the catalyst support. h Generated H2 amount and corresponding Faradaic efficiency over a range of overpotentials on Pt–Ru/RuO2. Note: error bars represent the standard deviation of three independent measurements.