Fig. 3: Bubble escape dynamics in the cryogelated overlayer.
From: Stable water splitting using photoelectrodes with a cryogelated overlayer
a Schematic of bubble expansion in and escape from the overlayer. b Schematical illustration of the reversible and irreversible pore enlargement. The pore radius after the fracture ξpore,2 is defined as the effective radius of coalesced pores. c Schematical representation of the time-dependent internal bubble pressure Pbubble (orange solid line) and capillary pressure Pcap (light-blue solid line) without and with the local fracture. d Theoretical analysis of Pbubble and gas bubble volume Vbubble at various degrees of pore coalescence λpore. The orange solid lines, yellow dotted lines, purple dotted lines, and blue dotted lines represent that λpore is 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, and 2.6, respectively. e Volume reduction at the initial escape (blue circle) and fluctuation amplitude (red rectangle) of Vbubble as a function of λpore.
