Fig. 1: SG formation as an indicator of OLs injury in MS lesion.

A Quantification of OLs in control tissue (WM) and different brain regions of MS cases using NogoA as a marker for mature OLs. B Representative confocal images of IHC staining for stress granules (PABP⁺) in OLs different brain regions of control and MS cases. Note the normal diffuse PABP staining in control (WM) OLs and the granular staining in MS OLs indicative of SGs. PABP granules are predominantly formed in the cytoplasm of OLs (arrowheads). C Quantification and gradient distribution of PABP⁺ OLs were assessed in control and MS tissues. Data are graphed as the percentage of OLs positive for PABP granules where the denominator is the number of OLs counted in that region. (D-G) Representative confocal images of IHC staining for ATF4 (D) and p4E-BP1 (F) markers in OLs in control and MS brain regions. Quantification and gradient distribution of these markers in OLs are expressed as a percentage of each category (E&G). Statistical analysis was performed on the high expression category, comparing the different MS areas with the controls. Examples of low (stars) and high (arrowheads) expression categories in OLs for each marker are provided in (D) and (F). Note that DAPI staining was intentionally omitted for better visualization of the ATF4 and p4E-BP1 markers. Scale bars, 10 µm. Sections were stained with DAPI (blue), NogoA (pink) and the marker of interest (green). Analyses done on two control patients accounting for independent regions as WM (n = 2) and three MS patients accounting for NAWM (n = 4), active (n = 12) and inactive (n = 3) areas. For each quantification, >100 cells were assessed in each independent area when possible. Each dot in the graphs represents a value from a distinct and individual area. All data are expressed as mean values ± SEM, analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons correction. All significant P values are indicated; ns or unlabeled not significant. WM white matter, NAWM normal appearing white matter, Active area active areas of active and mixed MS lesion, Inactive area inactive area of mixed MS lesion. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.