Fig. 5: mECM@IL4 + PM@IGF1 composites modulated the behavior of myogenic cells.

A TUNEL staining of L6 cells on day 7. Nuclei: blue; apoptotic cell: red. B Statistical results of the number of TUNEL⁺ apoptotic cells on day 7. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5 biologically independent samples). ****P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons. C Cell viability of L6 cells treated with different extracting solutions on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5 biologically independent samples). ****P < 0.0001, *P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons. D Schematic diagram showing the regulatory effects of BMDMs and composites on injured primary muscle satellite cells. E Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity (490 nm) of myocytes treated with different CTX concentrations (0, 0.3 µM, 0.6 µM, and 1 µM) for 2 and 4 h. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5 biologically independent samples). F Fluo-8 AM probe detecting the intracellular Ca²⁺ changes (green) after treatment with 0.3 µM CTX for 2 and 4 h. Nuclei: blue. G Representative images of phalloidin (green) co-staining with CD206 (gray) and desmin (red) antibody showing the differentiation-promoting effect of BMDMs and composites on injured muscle satellite cells. Nuclei: blue. H–J Quantitative statistics of the myotube length, the myotube fusion area, and the nuclei number per myotube. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 9 biologically independent myotubes). K Quantitative statistics of CD206 fluorescence intensity. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples). ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons.