Fig. 8: mECM@IL4 + PM@IGF1 composites promote vascularization and neuralization of neomuscle in the TA defect model of rats at 2 and 8 weeks.

A Laser doppler of blood flow recovery after different treatments for 8 weeks. Black dashed line: muscle defect areas. B Statistical results of perfusion. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples). ****P < 0.0001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, ns: no significant difference, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons. C H&E staining showing functional capillary. Black dashed line: the boundary between microspheres and tissues; black triangular arrows: capillary. D The number of capillaries in (C). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples, 4 random fields per sample). ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, ns: no significant difference, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons. E α-SMA (green) immunofluorescence images showing mature capillary. Nuclei: blue; P: porous microspheres; white dashed line: the boundary between microspheres and tissues. F Statistical results of mature capillaries. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples, 2 random fields per sample). ****P < 0.0001, **P < 0.01, ns: no significant difference, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons. G Representative patterns of CMAP after different treatments at 8 weeks. H Quantitative analysis of CMAP maximum amplitudes. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples). ****P < 0.0001, *P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons. I NF-09 (green) staining images showing neuralization (white). Nuclei: blue; P: porous microspheres; white dashed line: the boundary between microspheres and tissues. J The statistical results of NF-09⁺ fluorescence intensity. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples, 2 random fields per sample). ****P < 0.0001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, ns: no significant difference, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons.