Fig. 4: Estimated causal effects of genetically predicted circulating retinol across the human clinical phenome.
From: Genetic influences on circulating retinol and its relationship to human health
a Prioritisation pipeline overview for retinol causal estimates [inverse-variance weighted estimator with multiplicative random effects (IVW-MRE)] that survive multiple-testing correction (FDR < 0.01). These estimates are then subjected to tests for heterogeneity and pleiotropy (Online Methods), with a tier then assigned based on how many of the five Mendelian randomisation (MR) methods applied are at least nominally statistically significant. In panels b and c, the left-hand plot denotes the Z-score (beta/SE) from the MR IVW-MRE estimates. Positive Z scores denote a positive IVW-MRE estimate of the effect of circulating retinol on that trait, and vice vera. The traits are coloured by their broad phenotypic category. The right-hand plot visualises the Z score using the IVW-MRE model verses that of the MR estimate using the RBP4 IV alone (Wald Ratio). The dotted lines approximately represent nominal statistical significance (P < 0.05). In panel b, just tier #2 traits are plotted (Online Methods), whilst panel c plots both tier #2 and tier #3 traits.
