Table 1 Comparison with catalytic methods of nitrogen fixation under mild conditions

Method	Catalyst	Products	Conditions	Product yield (μg·cm^–2·h^–1)	Economy efficiency^a $ cm^–2·h^–1	FE (%)	Ref
Electrocatalytic	MoS₂	NH₃	RT^b, AP^c	5.39	0.3234 × 10^–6	1.17	⁴⁴
Electrocatalytic	PEBCD/C	NH₃	RT, AP	1.58	0.0948 × 10^–6	2.85	⁴⁵
Electrocatalytic	Au nanorods	NH₃	RT, AP	1.65	0.099 × 10^–6	3.88	⁴⁶
Electrocatalytic	Ru/C	NH₃	20 °C, AP	0.21	0.0126 × 10^–6	0.28	⁴⁷
Electrocatalytic	Pt/C	NH₃	RT, AP	69.77	4.1862 × 10^–6	0.52	⁴⁸
Electrocatalytic	Fe₂O₃/CNTs	NH₃	20 °C, AP	0.22	0.0132 × 10^–6	0.15	⁴⁹
Electrocatalytic	AuHNCs	NH₃	RT, AP	3.90	0.234 × 10^–6	30.2	⁵⁰
Electrocatalytic	B-graphene	NH₃	RT, AP	9.80	0.588 × 10^–6	10.8	⁵¹
Photocatalytic	P3MeT/TiO₂	NH₃	20 °C	0.03	0.0018 × 10^–6	N/A	⁵²
Photocatalytic	Au/black Si/Cr	NH₃	N/A	1.33	0.0798 × 10^–6	N/A	⁵³
Photocatalytic	TiO₂/Au/a-TiO₂	NH₃	RT	0.23	0.0138 × 10^–6	N/A	⁵⁴
Photocatalytic	Au NPs/Nb-SrTiO₃/Zr/ZrOx	NH₃	RT	0.01	0.0006 × 10^–6	N/A	⁵⁵
Biological	Enzyme	NH₃	Antarctica	5.9 × 10^–3	N/A	N/A	⁵⁶
Disproportionation by (H₂O)₂⁺˙	No		RT, AP	1.14^d	1.14 × 10^–5		This work
		NH₂OH		(5.10 × 10³)^e	0.051	64.0
		HNO		0.37^d	0.0555	18.0
				(1.53 × 10³)^e	229.5
		NH₃		0.63^d	6.3 × 10^–6	55.0
		NO₂⁻		0.34^d	0.07 × 10^–6	33.0
		NO₃⁻		0.81^d	0.17 × 10^–6	96.0

^a Note that the economy efficiency for the catalytic methods does not account for the price of the catalyst. ^b RT: room temperature. ^c AP: atmospheric pressure.
^d The yield_min, which is the yield obtained when the total surface area of the discharge needle array was accounted for. ^e The yield_max, which is the yield obtained when only the total effective surface area of the 76 needle tips was accounted for. In this work, the yield was given for NH₂OH product. The NH₂OH product could be converted into NH₃ with ca. 100% efficiency (Fig. 4b). N/A: Information not available in the article. For regarding the calculation of product yields see Supplementary Note 2.

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