Fig. 4: EB inhibits infection of fungal pathogens in Ascomycota on various host plants.

a EB (50 μM) inhibition of B. cinerea lesion development on grapes, strawberries, tomatoes, and rose petals, compared to the mock (M) control. Three repeat experiments were performed with similar results. A representative image is shown. b Inhibition of B. cinerea infection on tomato leaves by EB, compared to the mock (M) control. Trypan blue staining of leaves shows the region of necrosis. The corresponding image of the live leaf is shown on the left. Mean lesion diameters in mock- and EB-treated leaves are plotted (right panel). Error bar, SE. p = 0.0002 (***), two-tailed t-test with Welch’s correction. n = 4 biologically independent experiments. c Spray application of EB inhibits the growth of B. cinerea on N. benthamiana leaves. Each leaf image was taken under white light (WL) and UV light after 3 dpi. Lesion areas are plotted (right panel). Error bar, SE. p < 0.0001 (****), Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test with one-way ANOVA. n = 3 biologically independent experiments. d Inhibition of M. oryzae by EB on rice plants. The conidial suspension of M. oryzae was mixed with either mock (M, 1% DMSO) or 100 µM of EB and directly applied onto rice plants. Lesion types were defined after a week. Error bar, SE. p < 0.0001 (****), two-tailed t-test. All scale bars in images, 2 cm. n = 3 biologically independent experiments.