Fig. 3: Analyzing the 2nd order EM response.
a Fourier filtered second harmonic strain response at 5 kHz as a function of varying electric field, (black arrows represent the direction of displacement waveform with respect to voltage waveform). b M31 (also M31-real, shown in yellow) coefficients varying with frequency at two different Vmax = 3 V (pink) and Vmax = 5 V (sky blue), error bars represent ± standard deviation. c Compilation of giant M electrostrictive coefficients previously reported on different material systems, and comparison of the values (indicated as red stars) we achieve in this work, as a function of frequency. d Electromechanical loss tangent (|tan δ|EM) at various frequencies, peaking at 6–7 kHz for all the tested devices. e Device endurance test conducted for 107 voltage cycles at 5 V peak voltage and 3 kHz. Source data are provided as a source data file.
