Fig. 4: Large signal AC I-V characterization and impedance measurements.

a Large signal I-V characteristic on inter digitated electrodes (IDE) at three different voltages (Vmax = 1, 3, 5 V). Leakage characteristics begin beyond Vmax = 3 V. b Small signal capacitance measurement as a function of frequency. c Measured impedance and corresponding fit of the equivalent circuit (inset), detailed circuit is shown in Supplementary Fig. 12a). Source data are provided as a source data file.