Fig. 3: Quantification of the bubble growth mechanisms.

a Bubble growth over different building parameters. Bubble diameter changes were tracked with moving distance over the building process in the third layer of the build for a substrate traverse speed of 2 and 1 mm s⁻¹, respectively. The laser power is 160 W. The bubble diameter error bars are calculated as ±2 pixels, equivalent to the segmentation uncertainty. b Radiograph examples at 2 and 1 mm s⁻¹ are shown in 1a and 1b (scale bars are 300 μm), with the corresponding tomographic rendered images overlaid with the pore equivalent diameter. See the videos corresponding to (b) in Supplementary Movies 1 and 4. c Bubble growth over the building process in the first layer of build for a laser power of 150 and 100 W, respectively. The traverse speed is 1 mm s⁻¹. d Bubble growth over different layers. Bubble diameter changes were tracked over different layers of the build, namely, layers 1–3, the laser power is 160 W, and the traverse speed is 1 mm s⁻¹.