Fig. 5: Hardware and software co-designed experimental system using VO2-based memristive frequency converter.

a The sensor data are captured using IoT vision, acoustic and depth sensors and the pre-processing are carried out in software to generate control voltages for voltage-controlled current drivers on testing PCB. b PCB board for the VO2 memristor-based frequency converter with voltage-controlled current drivers as well as phase matchers to align with follow-up radio frequency modules. c Data transmission results under SNR 1 dB and 4 dB for sensor audio of 3 s with sampling frequency of 4.41 kHz. d Data transmission results under SNR 1 dB and 4 dB for sensor image of 300 × 300 pixels. e Data transmission results under SNR 1 dB and 4 dB for sensor point cloud of 176.946 kB of XYZ coordinates. f The BER performance using conventional CMOS-based frequency converter versus VO2 memristor-based frequency converter.