Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients with COVID-19 stratified by vaccine status and controls from the Hong Kong Hospital Authority after propensity-score weighting

From: Persistence in risk and effect of COVID-19 vaccination on long-term health consequences after SARS-CoV-2 infection

 

Hong Kong Hospital Authority (April 1, 2020 to October 31, 2022)

 

Controls (N = 3,828,075)

COVID-19

 

Baseline characteristics

Unvaccinated (N = 3,809,700)

Incomplete vaccination (N = 3,801,677)

Fully vaccinated (N = 3,818,571)

Received booster dose (N = 3,854,149)

SMD

 

N/mean (%/SD)

N/mean (%/SD)

N/mean (%/SD)

N/mean (%/SD)

N/mean (%/SD)

Age (years)

54.1 (18.19)

52.4 (20.79)

53.4 (19.75)

54.0 (18.02)

54.1 (16.90)

0.040

Sex, male

1,690,639 (44.2)

1,681,641 (44.1)

1,692,265 (44.5)

1,689,322 (44.2)

1,716,080 (44.5)

0.005

Charlson Comorbidity Index

1.65 (1.82)

1.59 (1.95)

1.64 (1.86)

1.65 (1.86)

1.74 (2.06)

0.032

Pre-existing morbidities

Respiratory disease

69,540 (1.8)

97,239 (2.6)

91,668 (2.4)

81,724 (2.1)

84,607 (2.2)

0.024

Diabetes

444,079 (11.6)

428,379 (11.2)

438,048 (11.5)

446,612 (11.7)

472,078 (12.2)

0.014

Cardiovascular disease

291,084 (7.6)

331,874 (8.7)

307,673 (8.1)

292,762 (7.7)

304,869 (7.9)

0.019

Myocardial Infarction

27,309 (0.7)

30,844 (0.8)

27,559 (0.7)

28,154 (0.7)

31,849 (0.8)

0.007

Chronic heart failure

37,531 (1.0)

53,104 (1.4)

43,631 (1.1)

43,140 (1.1)

42,721 (1.1)

0.016

Peripheral vascular disease

10,610 (0.3)

13,600 (0.4)

10,275 (0.3)

9430 (0.2)

11,916 (0.3)

0.009

Cerebrovascular disease

132,775 (3.5)

179,833 (4.7)

153,715 (4.0)

136,713 (3.6)

136,145 (3.5)

0.031

COPD

69,276 (1.8)

96,613 (2.5)

91,266 (2.4)

81,544 (2.1)

84,507 (2.2)

0.024

Dementia

9916 (0.3)

38,782 (1.0)

28,411 (0.7)

17,978 (0.5)

8948 (0.2)

0.055

Paralysis

7705 (0.2)

11,966 (0.3)

9190 (0.2)

8585 (0.2)

9048 (0.2)

0.010

Diabetes without chronic complication

423,588 (11.1)

405,241 (10.6)

418,941 (11.0)

427,648 (11.2)

447,257 (11.6)

0.013

Diabetes with chronic complication

30,253 (0.8)

29,564 (0.8)

25,827 (0.7)

28,255 (0.7)

39,233 (1.0)

0.016

Chronic kidney disease

45,952 (1.2)

48,784 (1.3)

45,533 (1.2)

48,248 (1.3)

70,173 (1.8)

0.022

Mild liver disease

5453 (0.1)

5909 (0.2)

5303 (0.1)

6099 (0.2)

7418 (0.2)

0.006

Moderate-severe liver disease

3666 (0.1)

3509 (0.1)

2822 (0.1)

4673 (0.1)

6894 (0.2)

0.014

Ulcers

37,358 (1.0)

41,500 (1.1)

39,446 (1.0)

42,146 (1.1)

46,942 (1.2)

0.011

Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory polyarthropathies

15,516 (0.4)

17,100 (0.4)

16,950 (0.4)

16,209 (0.4)

18,742 (0.5)

0.006

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

8 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0.001

Malignancy

110,554 (2.9)

94,420 (2.5)

99,599 (2.6)

112,459 (2.9)

172,683 (4.5)

0.048

Metastatic solid tumor

18,870 (0.5)

9,682 (0.3)

11,332 (0.3)

21,434 (0.6)

56,238 (1.5)

0.062

Medication history

Renin–angiotensin system agents

543,451 (14.2)

535,752 (14.1)

550,713 (14.5)

544,896 (14.3)

561,725 (14.6)

0.007

Beta-blockers

343,990 (9.0)

354,237 (9.3)

354,979 (9.3)

345,695 (9.1)

362,166 (9.4)

0.008

Calcium channel blockers

764,595 (20.0)

732,992 (19.2)

766,221 (20.2)

764,390 (20.0)

782,898 (20.3)

0.012

Diuretics

118,650 (3.1)

117,662 (3.1)

122,698 (3.2)

120,500 (3.2)

129,769 (3.4)

0.008

Nitrates

85,421 (2.2)

85,906 (2.3)

87,713 (2.3)

86,476 (2.3)

90,767 (2.4)

0.004

Lipid-lowering agents

781,588 (20.4)

765,893 (20.1)

784,093 (20.6)

785,049 (20.6)

803,700 (20.9)

0.008

Insulins

66,414 (1.7)

71,182 (1.9)

69,032 (1.8)

67,438 (1.8)

76,617 (2.0)

0.009

Antidiabetic drugs

415,093 (10.8)

421,824 (11.1)

423,609 (11.1)

416,006 (10.9)

431,842 (11.2)

0.006

Oral anticoagulants

46,658 (1.2)

48,834 (1.3)

48,463 (1.3)

47,388 (1.2)

51,978 (1.3)

0.005

Antiplatelets

305,831 (8.0)

296,699 (7.8)

309,166 (8.1)

310,017 (8.1)

321,256 (8.3)

0.009

Immunosuppressants

18,178 (0.5)

20,464 (0.5)

19,832 (0.5)

18,872 (0.5)

20,145 (0.5)

0.004

Number of past healthcare visits

Hospital admission

0.4 (3.80)

0.5 (2.07)

0.4 (2.11)

0.4 (2.81)

0.6 (6.78)

0.036

Doctor consultation

2.8 (4.48)

2.9 (5.95)

2.9 (3.69)

2.8 (3.59)

2.9 (3.79)

0.015

Doses of COVID-19 vaccines received

0

632,151 (16.5)

3,809,700 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

1

286,526 (7.5)

0 (0.0)

3,801,677 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

2

1,328,800 (34.7)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3,818,571 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

 

3 or above

1,580,598 (41.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3,854,149 (100.0)

 
  1. SMD standard mean difference, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  2. The number of individuals presented represents the pseudo-population of each stratum of patients with COVID-19 after propensity-score weighting; Age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Inpatient hospital and Specialist and general outpatient visits are presented in mean ± SD; SMD ≤ 0.1 is considered a good balance between cohorts.
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