Table 3 Incidence rate and hazard ratio of clinical sequelae in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cohort after weighting during 0–30 days of SARS-CoV-2 infection

From: Persistence in risk and effect of COVID-19 vaccination on long-term health consequences after SARS-CoV-2 infection

0–30 days

 

Controls (REF)

COVID-19

Unvaccinated

Received single dose

Received two doses

Received booster dose(s)

Clinical sequelae

Event

Incidence per 1000 person-years

Event

Incidence per 1000 person-years

Hazard ratio

Event

Incidence per 1000 person-years

Hazard ratio

Event

Incidence per 1000 person-years

Hazard ratio

Event

Incidence per 1000 person-years

Hazard ratio

Major CVD

1312

4.37 (4.14, 4.61)

5941

20.38 (19.87, 20.90)

4.64 (4.00, 5.38)

4038

13.69 (13.28, 14.12)

3.13 (2.60, 3.76)

3300

11.05 (10.68, 11.43)

2.53 (2.21, 2.89)

2612

8.67 (8.35, 9.01)

1.99 (1.72, 2.29)

Stroke

818

2.61 (2.44, 2.79)

3605

11.90 (11.52, 12.29)

4.52 (3.74, 5.48)

2437

7.94 (7.63, 8.26)

3.03 (2.40, 3.83)

2287

7.35 (7.05, 7.65)

2.81 (2.39, 3.31)

1702

5.41 (5.15, 5.67)

2.07 (1.71, 2.51)

Myocardial infarction

300

0.93 (0.83, 1.04)

1895

6.00 (5.74, 6.28)

6.42 (4.99, 8.26)

1560

4.91 (4.67, 5.16)

5.27 (3.88, 7.16)

980

3.06 (2.87, 3.25)

3.29 (2.53, 4.27)

925

2.85 (2.67, 3.04)

3.07 (2.38, 3.96)

Heart failure

272

0.84 (0.75, 0.95)

1326

4.22 (4.00, 4.46)

4.99 (3.72, 6.68)

913

2.88 (2.70, 3.08)

3.41 (2.36, 4.93)

643

2.01 (1.86, 2.17)

2.38 (1.75, 3.25)

354

1.09 (0.98, 1.21)

1.30 (0.88, 1.92)

Atrial fibrillation

154

0.48 (0.41, 0.56)

668

2.14 (1.98, 2.31)

4.43 (2.95, 6.65)

597

1.90 (1.75, 2.06)

3.93 (2.51, 6.15)

425

1.34 (1.22, 1.47)

2.77 (1.89, 4.06)

509

1.58 (1.45, 1.72)

3.28 (2.34, 4.60)

Coronary artery disease

483

1.55 (1.41, 1.69)

2116

6.88 (6.60, 7.18)

4.43 (3.50, 5.60)

1669

5.41 (5.15, 5.67)

3.49 (2.62, 4.63)

1267

4.07 (3.85, 4.30)

2.63 (2.11, 3.27)

1098

3.51 (3.30, 3.72)

2.27 (1.82, 2.82)

Deep vein thrombosis

41

0.13 (0.09, 0.17)

288

0.91 (0.81, 1.02)

7.18 (3.53, 14.60)

273

0.85 (0.76, 0.96)

6.78 (3.19, 14.39)

110

0.34 (0.28, 0.41)

2.70 (1.25, 5.81)

72

0.22 (0.17, 0.27)

1.75 (0.77, 3.96)

Cardiovascular mortality

1092

3.36 (3.17, 3.57)

6361

20.00 (19.51, 20.49)

5.92 (5.17, 6.78)

3440

10.74 (10.39, 11.10)

3.19 (2.65, 3.84)

2118

6.55 (6.28, 6.84)

1.95 (1.63, 2.32)

1057

3.23 (3.04, 3.43)

0.96 (0.74, 1.26)

Chronic pulmonary disease

115

0.36 (0.30, 0.43)

361

1.16 (1.05, 1.29)

3.22 (1.88, 5.50)

688

2.20 (2.04, 2.37)

6.10 (3.65, 10.21)

399

1.26 (1.14, 1.39)

3.51 (2.33, 5.27)

234

0.73 (0.64, 0.83)

2.03 (1.30, 3.16)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

189

0.58 (0.50, 0.67)

1405

4.45 (4.23, 4.69)

7.58 (5.44, 10.55)

715

2.25 (2.08, 2.41)

3.83 (2.53, 5.80)

449

1.40 (1.27, 1.53)

2.39 (1.66, 3.43)

431

1.33 (1.20, 1.45)

2.27 (1.59, 3.23)

Seizure

103

0.32 (0.26, 0.38)

741

2.37 (2.20,2.54)

7.40 (4.68, 11.69)

573

1.81 (1.66, 1.96)

5.67 (3.20, 10.06)

233

0.73 (0.64, 0.82)

2.28 (1.43, 3.65)

296

0.91 (0.81, 1.02)

2.86 (1.51, 5.43)

End-stage renal disease

37

0.11 (0.08, 0.16)

238

0.75 (0.66, 0.85)

6.50 (2.86, 14.76)

55

0.17 (0.13, 0.22)

1.50 (0.37, 6.06)

94

0.29 (0.24, 0.35)

2.54 (1.02, 6.30)

87

0.27 (0.21, 0.33)

2.33 (0.63, 8.62)

Acute kidney injury

87

0.27 (0.22, 0.33)

803

2.54 (2.37, 2.73)

9.45 (6.26, 14.27)

818

2.57 (2.40, 2.75)

9.57 (6.02, 15.20)

313

0.97 (0.87, 1.09)

3.63 (2.24, 5.86)

387

1.19 (1.07, 1.31)

4.43 (2.77, 7.09)

Pancreatitis

56

0.17 (0.13, 0.22)

270

0.85 (0.76, 0.96)

4.89 (2.41, 9.93)

137

0.43 (0.36, 0.51)

2.47 (0.80, 7.62)

146

0.45 (0.38, 0.53)

2.61 (1.38, 4.92)

133

0.41 (0.34, 0.48)

2.35 (1.31, 4.22)

All-cause mortality

5379

16.56 (16.12, 17.00)

99,819

313.79 (311.85, 315.74)

18.89 (18.07, 19.74)

47,563

148.53 (147.20, 149.87)

8.96 (8.46, 9.48)

21,135

65.40 (64.52, 66.28)

3.95 (3.71, 4.20)

9418

28.81 (28.23, 29.40)

1.74 (1.50, 2.02)

  1. CI confidence interval, REF reference group, Major CVD major cardiovascular disease, Composite outcome of stroke, heart failure and coronary artery disease.
  2. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated by Cox regression, HR > 1 (or <1) indicates patients with COVID-19 had a higher (lower) risk of sequelae compared to the non-COVID-19 control cohort.
  3. Unvaccinated, incomplete vaccinated, fully vaccinated and received booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines refers to patients who have received 0 dose, 1 doses, 2 doses and ≥3 doses of BioNtech or CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccines, respectively.
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