Fig. 2: Chemical state and atomic local structure.

a N K-edge XANES spectra of CR-Co/ClNC, Co/NC and NC. b N 1 s XPS spectra of CR-Co/ClNC and Co/NC. c Co K-edge XANES spectra for CR-Co/ClNC and reference samples. The inset shows the fitted pre-edge region. d The fitted average formal d-band electron counts. The error bars are the standard deviations of three replicate calculation. e Co 2p XPS spectra of CR-Co/ClNC and Co/NC.