Fig. 2: Spectroscopic Characterization of light-adapted and dark-adapted Bacteriorhodopsin Photoisomerization.

A Absorption spectra of light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (LA-BR) and dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (DA-BR) line plot with excitation pulse spectrum in area plot. The 2D colourmap of TA experimental data of B all-trans (AT) or LA-BR and C 13-cis bacteriorhodopsin (13C-BR). In the 2D color maps, the X-axis represents probe wavelength (or wavenumber) while the Y-axis represents the delay between pump and probe. Initial 500 fs pump-probe delay is linear, and the rest of the axis is logarithmic. The absorption difference is color-coded: the color bar at the right of the map presents the value of absorption difference. D Excited-state absorption (ESA, 470 nm) and stimulated emission (SE, 930 nm) decay of AT-BR and 13C-BR (SE decay is multiplied with 4). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.