Fig. 6: Seasonality of hormone concentrations in the mouse lemur affects almost all cells and tissues.

a Concentrations of twelve hormones measured under long-photoperiod (daily 14:10 h light:dark, summer-like) and short-photoperiod (10:14 h light:dark, winter-like) conditions in captive mouse lemurs. Animals were kept indoors under constant temperature (24 °C) and with photoperiods alternated between long and short photoperiods every 6 months. Bars represent fold changes in hormone concentration compared to average summer levels. Error bar represents mean and 95% confidence interval of the mean. P values were calculated by two-sided two-sample t-tests comparing summer versus winter concentrations. Data are listed in Supplementary Dataset 8, collected from literature as follows and supplemented with additional measurements: estradiol^137,138 (n = 5 for summer, 11 for winter), testosterone^139,140,141 (n = 28, 15), thyroxine^137,142 (and additional data in Supplementary Dataset 8, n = 6, 10), DHEA¹³⁸ (n = 14, 30), cortisol¹⁴³ (and additional data in Supplementary Dataset 8, n = 12, 12), IGF1¹⁴⁴ (n = 33, 37), melatonin¹⁴⁵ (n = 15, 19), and gut hormones^146,147 GIP (n = 12, 16), PPY (n = 12, 5), insulin (n = 11, 6), PYY (n = 12, 6), and GLP-1 (n = 12, 6). b Mouse lemur cell types targeted by any of these 12 seasonal hormones. Cell types are displayed in the same UMAP plot as in Fig. 2b. Circles are cell types and are color-coded according to whether they express receptors for any of the 12 hormones. Dashed lines circumscribe the cell-type clusters and are colored according to cell-type compartments. c–l Mouse lemur cell types targeted by each of these 12 seasonal hormones displayed in the same UMAP format as in (b).