Fig. 4: Species overyielding (or underyielding) in mixed-species communities in relation to plant economics traits across experimental years in grassland and forest experimental ecosystems.

A, B The relationship between species log response ratio (lnRR; positive value indicates overyielding and negative value indicates underyielding) of aboveground biomass with plant economics traits (A: Traits PC1; B: Traits PC2) in grasslands (n = 39). C-F The relationship between species lnRR of annual basal area increment with plant economics traits (C, E Traits PC1; D, F Traits PC2), as well as the relationship between species lnRR of accumulated basal area in forests (n = 26). Lines are mixed-effects model fits across experiments (refer to Supplementary Figs. 5-6 for model fits within each experiment). Points represent the lnRR for each species and year in each experiment. Y-axis were trimmed to enhance resolution comparing model fit lines (5% extreme values are not visible). Refer to Table 1 and Supplementary Table 4 for detailed statistical analyses.