Fig. 3: Sankey diagrams for global flows of cobalt, nickel, and manganese that available data suggest are involved in battery material supply chains. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Sankey diagrams for global flows of cobalt, nickel, and manganese that available data suggest are involved in battery material supply chains.

From: Electric vehicle battery chemistry affects supply chain disruption vulnerabilities

Fig. 3

See Supplementary Text S3-2 for further details and data sources. Note that the scale of production differs − 142,000 metric tons of cobalt (a) were mined and extracted in 2020 (excluding missing data), compared to 2.5 million metric tons of nickel (b) and 5.67 million metric tons of manganese (c). Note that LMO (lithium manganese oxide) and LCO (lithium cobalt oxide) cathodes are currently rarely used in electric vehicle batteries.

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