Fig. 4: Tdap-IPV vaccination induces interferon and inflammatory cytokine production in classical monocytes, plasmacytoid and classical DC2 cells.

Eight subpopulations of antigen presenting cells were identified across baseline (D0) and Day 1 (D1) blood samples after clustering and manual merging of similar clusters (Supplementary Information, Fig. S11). A Dot plot of normalized phenotypic protein marker expression values for each of the subpopulations indicated on the left margin. B UMAP visualization of all subpopulations with vaccine-responding subpopulations indicated with a dashed frame. Changes in abundance (box plots displaying the number of cells in blood) and cytokine production (box plots displaying the mean signal intensity) are shown for (C) classical DC2 cells, (D) plasmacytoid DCs, and (E) classical monocytes. Data are 24 samples from N = 12 participants in the Netherlands cohort, data points for (C), (D), and (E) represent values for each sample and those from the same participant are joined by a gray line. Box plots display bounds from 25th to 75th percentile, median line, and whiskers, which extend to the largest or smallest value no further than 1.5 * the inter-quartile range. Box plots with white fill correspond to D0 samples, and those with gray fill correspond to D1 samples. Statistical significance (false-discovery rate (FDR) adjusted two-sided p.value) was calculated from a mixed-effects regression model for each response (abundance or cytokine) with study day and participant number specified as fixed and random effects, respectively * FDR < 0.05; ** FDR < 0.01; *** FDR < 0.001, ns FDR > 0.05. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.