Fig. 3: Irreversible non-180° domain characterization with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns and Rayleigh law. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Irreversible non-180° domain characterization with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns and Rayleigh law.

From: Contribution of irreversible non-180° domain to performance for multiphase coexisted potassium sodium niobate ceramics

Fig. 3

a In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns of (111) and (200) reflections at 0 kV/cm, 3 times the coercive electric field (3Ec), and 0 kV/cm (poled) in the ceramics with x = 0.045. b Volume fraction of domains parallel to the poling direction. c Degree of domain switching under various electric fields. d Calculated reversible domain switching strain as a function of x. e Measured and fitted electric field-induced strain curves. f Piezoelectric coefficient with respect to the amplitude of the electric field. g Initial reversible piezoelectric response (dinit) and piezoelectric Rayleigh coefficient (α). h Unipolar strain curves at a high electric field. i Converse piezoelectric constant (d33*) and intrinsic piezoelectric coefficient (dlatt). j Irreversible extrinsic and intrinsic contributions.

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