Fig. 1: Overview of the study.

a This study investigates statistical pleiotropy by overlapping loci and genes across unimodal multivariate GWAS, and additionally performing a multimodal multivariate GWAS. b Based on the overlapping patterns we classify single-modality and cross-modality loci and genes, for which we investigated potential differences in biological convergence. c Lastly, we use the multimodal multivariate GWAS statistics to adapt standard polygenic scores for five psychiatric conditions. This Figure includes images obtained from Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com/), licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).