Fig. 7: External validation of the biofluid models using multi-center data.

A ROC analysis for the five tumor biomarkers commonly used in the clinic (CEA, CA15-3, CA19-9, Crfr211, SCC) discriminating ESCC from HC. B Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of ESCC and CRC groups across all metabolites (Ward’s method clustering). Yellow: CRC; Orange: ESCC. C ROC curve shows poor diagnostic efficacy of the serum joint model for CRC patients. Shaded areas represent the 95% CI of the corresponding ROC curves. D, E Circos heatmap was used to compare the serum (D) and urine (E) metabolic profiles of different pathological types of esophageal tumors, including ESCC, EAC, GEJ, undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus and esophageal stromal tumors. F Performance of SVM-based classifiers was examined by ROC curves and evaluated by 100-fold cross-validation. The black dots in the box plot represent the predictive accuracy of the serum or urine panels in distinguishing early stage ESCC (red, n = 18 biologically independent early-stage serum samples; blue, n = 18 biologically independent early-stage urine samples) from HC groups. Notably, the serum panel data points exhibit proximity, while those of the urine panel are more dispersed. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.