Fig. 5: Changes in wind, Ekman pumping, and mass transport.
From: The role of mountains in shaping the global meridional overturning circulation
a–d Equilibrium changes of wind stress at 850 hPa (vector; units: m/s) and Ekman pumping (shading; units: cm/day) in Flat2Real (Year 5601–6000), TP (Tibetan Plateau), AT (Antarctic), and TP + AT, respectively, with respect to Flat. Positive (negative) value indicates Ekman upwelling (downwelling). Ekman pumping is calculated using the surface wind stress as described in Fig. 4. e–h Equilibrium changes of zonally integrated net meridional water mass transport (units: Sv) across 30°S in Flat2Real, TP, AT, and TP + AT, respectively, with respect to Flat. The mean net meridional mass transport in Flat is plotted as a dotted curve, with the red and blue curves indicating the Atlantic and Pacific, respectively. Positive value represents northward transport. The vertical coordinate in e–h is depth (units: km).
