Table 1 Comparison of different approaches to dynamic modulation in metamaterials

From: Origami metamaterials for ultra-wideband and large-depth reflection modulation

Ref.

Approach

Material

Operation frequency

Modulation depth a

Transparency

Cost ($/m2)

43

Carrier doping

Graphene

7 – 18 GHz

(88%)

Over 3 dB

Yes

96,950 b

26

Graphene

10 GHz

50 dB

Yes

96,950 b

44

Phase transition

VO2

9.36,18.6 GHz

11.15 dB

Yes

Not report

45

Liquid crystal

2.62 THz

Over 3 dB

Yes

> 348 c

33

Mechanics

Resistance ink

6 – 16 GHz

(90.9%)

Over 10 dB

No

Not report

Ours

Indium tin oxide

4.96 – 38.8 GHz (155%)

Over 10 dB

Yes

(> 87%)

16

  1. a The modulation depth is defined as Pmax – Pmin, where Pmax and Pmin are the maximum and minimum of reflection in the dB scale.
  2. b The graphene structures consist of bilayer graphene, single layer graphene price is $ 48475/m2, which can be found at www.graphene-supermarket.com.
  3. c The price of liquid crystal 4’-n-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) $174/g, which can be found at www.sigmaaldrich.com. Estimated use of 2 g of liquid crystal per square meter of structure, while the substrates and fabrication cost are not considered.
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