Fig. 3: Summary of the four illustrative net-zero energy systems.
From: Drivers and implications of alternative routes to fuels decarbonization in net-zero energy systems
In each panel, the first four bars show production (by technology) and use (by sector and technology) of electricity, hydrogen, liquids, and natural gas. The fifth and sixth bars show biomass primary energy and captured CO2 (by source), respectively, along with their final dispositions. The final bar shows gross positive and negative CO2 emissions. Final energy demands for each energy vector (electricity, hydrogen, liquids, natural gas, and biomass) do not vary across scenarios and are shown in gray (below the x-axis). Values below the x-axis in the first six bars represent the disposition of energy or captured CO2. UC Unconstrained case, BC Biomass Constrained case, SC Sequestration Constrained case, SBC Sequestration and Biomass Constrained case. Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Tables 8–11 show the same results in alternative formats. CFE Carbon-Free Electricity. BECCS Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration. DAC Direct Air Capture. Source data are provided as a Source Data File.
