Table 1 Markets that are forced to clear (supply = demand) in the simple energy system model

From: Drivers and implications of alternative routes to fuels decarbonization in net-zero energy systems

Sector

Supply (Production Technologies)

Demand (Final or Intermediate Consumption)

Electricity

NG, NG w/CCS, Bio, BECCS, CFE, H2

Final demand, hydrogen, liquids, NG, DAC

Hydrogen

NG, NG w/CCS, Bio, BECCS, electrolysis

Final demand, electricity, liquids, NG

Liquids

Oil, Bio, BECCS, synthetic fuel

Final demand

Natural gas

Fossil NG, Bio, BECCS, synthetic fuel

Final demand, electricity, hydrogen, DAC

Biomass

Biomass primary energy

Final demand, electricity, hydrogen, liquids, NG

Captured CO2

Energy with CO2 capture, DAC

Utilization (synthetic fuel), geologic sequestration

  1. Each row in the table is associated with a constraint in the least-cost optimization. CFE refers to Carbon-Free Electricity (wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear). NG refers to Natural Gas. BECCS refers to Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration, although the disposition of CO2 between sequestration and utilization is a model choice. DAC refers to Direct Air Capture.
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