Fig. 2: Design and characterization of FP NPs.

a CI value in different ratios of physical mixture, and the synthesis route of Fluplatin. b Particle size, zeta potential, PDI, and TEM image of the F NPs. Scale bars, 50 nm. c Particle size, PDI, and encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles formed by different proportions of Fluplatin and PEG–PE (n = 3 independent samples). d Particle size, zeta potential, PDI, and TEM image of the FP NPs. Scale bars, 200 nm. e Release profile of the F NPs (i) and FP NPs (ii) in phosphate solution of 10% plasma at pH 7.4. f Release profile of the F NPs (i) and FP NPs (ii) in phosphate solution of 1% Tween 80 (n = 3 independent samples). g Mechanism for the F NPs (i) and FP NPs (ii) (n = 3 independent samples). h SEM image and EDS element mapping of FP NPs. Scale bars, 3 μm. (n = 3 independent samples) i Confocal images of H1975 cells after treatment with 2 μM Dil@FP NPs (n = 3 independent samples). Scale bars, 20 μm. j Uptake Pt in H1975 cells after treatment with 2 μM different formulations (dosage based on Fluplatin) detected by ICP‒MS (n = 3 independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). k Confocal images of Dil@FP NPs and PEG–PE in H1975 cells after treatment with 2 μM Dil@FP NPs. Scale bars, 5 μm. (n = 3 independent samples) l Uptake efficiency of 2 μM FP NPs treatment for 4 h in H1975 cells in the presence of various endocytosis inhibitors was detected by ICP‒MS (n = 3 independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). m Uptake of Pt in organelles after 8 h treatment with 2 μM different formulations (dosage based on Fluplatin; n = 3 independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). n Major intracellular distribution of FP NPs. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.