Fig. 4: Mechanism of p53-independent antitumor activity of FP NPs in vitro.

a Schematic summary of the p53-independent antitumor mechanism of FP NPs. b Confocal images of Dil and ER-Tracker in H1975 cells treated with 2 μM Dil@FP NPs. Their colocalization determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient was quantified (n = 3 independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). Scale bars, 10 μm. c Confocal images of Dil and Fluo-4 in H1975 cells treated with 2 μM Dil@FP NPs. Their fluorescence intensity was quantified (n = 3 independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). Scale bars, 10 μm. d Confocal images of Dil and MitoTracker in H1975 cells treated with 2 μM Dil@FP NPs, and their colocalization determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient was quantified (n = 3 independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). Scale bars, 10 μm. e Confocal images of JC-1 in H1975 cells treated with 4 μM different formulations (dosage based on Fluplatin) for 6 h, and their fluorescence intensity was quantified (j), (n = 3 independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). Scale bars, 10 μm. Western blotting analysis of p-elF2α, elF2α, CHOP, and ATF4 in H1975 cells (f) and A549 cells (g) after treatment with 4 μM of different formulations (dosage based on Fluplatin; n = 3 independent samples). h Western blotting analysis of p-elF2α, elF2α, CHOP, and ATF4 in H1975 cells after treatment with different concentration of FP NPs for 12 h (n = 3 independent samples). i Confocal images of IF staining against γ-H2AX in H1975 cells treated with 4 μM FP NPs for 6 h, and their fluorescence intensity was quantified (k), (n = 3 independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). Scale bars, 10 μm. a Created with BioRender.com. Data are shown as the mean ± SD; n.s. no significance. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.