Fig. 5: Experimental results of the UWOC systems response to air bubbles and transmission distance.

a Normalized ROP statistics of red Airy (RA), red Gaussian (RG), green Airy (GA), green Gaussian (GG), blue Airy (BA) and blue Gaussian (BG) beams-based channel link. Different bubble conditions of 1 L/min, 6 L/min and 10 L/min air pump flow rate are covered respectively. b Statistic probability of data rate for three bubble sizes. c Data rate of the RGB Airy and Gaussian beams-based channels versus the equivalent transmission distance when facing water I (pure water) and water II (0.43 ω0 obstacle with middle bubbles). d Total RGB data rate versus the distance under water I and water II.