Fig. 2: eASR performance.

a Linear sweep voltammetry curves of NCP/PC, Ni2P/PC, CoP/PC, Pt/C/PC, and bare PC. b Comparisons of η100, η500, and η1000 for different cathodes. c Tafel slopes obtained from polarization curves. d Chronopotentiometry curve of NCP/PC towards long-term eASR at the fixed j of −1 A cm−2. e Comparisons of η500 for our NCP/PC with various state-of-the-art eASR cathodes. f Lifespan comparisons for our NCP/PC with various state-of-the-art cathodes in alkaline seawater. The catalyst mass loading for the optimal sample NCP/PC is ~0.0042 g cm−2. The pH of the electrolyte is ~14. The charge transfer resistance of NCP/PC is 2.5 Ω.