Fig. 4: Operando and ex situ investigations into the bubble behaviors of different electrodes. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Operando and ex situ investigations into the bubble behaviors of different electrodes.

From: Efficient bubble/precipitate traffic enables stable seawater reduction electrocatalysis at industrial-level current densities

Fig. 4

a–g Gaseous H2 release behaviors on NCP/CP, PC, NCP/NF, NCP/TM, NCP/CC, NCP/GF, and NCP/CP at the j of −500 mA cm−2 (from the front view). Due to the limitations of current observation technologies (we have already used one of the most advanced microscope technologies in this work to observe the moving bubbles), we can only observe micrometer-sized bubbles under the condition of industrial-level current density electrolysis. All the scale bars in (a–g) are 1 mm. h Statistical results of the rise velocities of H2 bubbles for various eNSR cathodes. i Statistical results of the average H2 bubble diameters for various eNSR cathodes. j Water contact angle data. k Underwater gas-bubble contact angle data. Error bars represent the standard deviation for triplicate independent measurements.

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