Fig. 1: Diagram of the digital hierarchical (DH) screening pattern.

a Compositions of the digital technologies in the hierarchical screening platform. b The workflow of DH screening and referral patterns. c AI screening and diagnosis through the IoT and community-based clinics help distinguish suspected patients and suggest referable patients to tertiary eye centers for comprehensive treatment. DH screening digital hierarchical screening. AI artificial intelligence, 5G 5th generation wireless networks, IoT internet of things.