Fig. 2: Cost-utility curves for different screening strategies in China.

a Cost-utility analysis in urban setting. b Cost-utility analysis in rural setting. Black solid line = Three times the per capita GDP for the highly cost-effective frontier. Black dashed line = One times the per capita GDP for the cost-effective frontier. Green dot = no screening. Purple dots and dashed line = telescreening with different frequencies. Pink dots and dashed line = AI screening with different frequencies. Blue dots and dashed line = DH screening with different frequencies. Strategies on the cost-effective frontier dominate strategies above the frontier. GDP gross domestic product, AI artificial intelligence, QALYs quality-adjusted life-years, DH screening digital hierarchical screening. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.